Binomials in English - Definition and Examples

Race, Racism, Or Ethnicity - 1559 Words

The notion of race is prevalent in every society. Rather it is consciously or unconsciously, the idea of race is shaping our everyday lives, from the day we were born, to the one we will die, in school, at work, or simply in the supermarket. Historically, as well as in Contemporary societies, the term race is a rather controversial one, and has raised many questions, due to its lack of proper definition and mostly because of its negative connotations. Associated with ethnicity or racism, it created a lifelong debate about whether or not races are socially constructed. The aim of this essay will be firstly to establish clear definitions of words such as race, racism, or ethnicity, and secondly to explain the evolution of racism, from scientific racism to colour blind racism through the work of ideologists such as Gobineau and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. In order to provide a clear understanding of racism and its evolution throughout the centuries, definitions of few essential ideas are to be explained. Biologically speaking, races does not exist. According to Cornell and Hartmann (1998), they have been created through social interactions and does not exist outside of those. Although the notion of race does not have a definition agreed by all, Winant s definition should be accepted by most of us. He described races as being the symbol of socio-political conflicts and interests in reference to different type of human bodies (2000). As Guillaumin said, Races doShow MoreRelatedRacism, Race, And Ethnicity1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat they were expressing three theories on race and ethnicity: the Human Ecology, Social Darwinist, and Culture of Poverty perspectives were all intermingled in the conversation. Recently, race relations has been a topic for debate in the United States, with many saying that racism is a thing of the past. However, based upon my family’s debate, and the many sources that research the issues, it can be seen that the topic of racism, race, and ethnicity are all still relevant topics in America. MyRead MoreThe Race, Racialization, Ethnicity And Racism1384 Words   |  6 Pagesprepare a Dictionary of Races of Races or People. W.E.B. Du Bois observed in the late 1930s that no scientific definition of race is possible. He said Race is a dynamic and not a static conception, and that typical races are continually changing and developing, amalgamating and differentiating. What Du Bois meant in layman’s term was that it is impossible to characterize people based on measurements. Orser begins his book by talking about Race, Racialization, Ethnicity and Racism. Orser says that itRead MoreThe Difference Between Race And Racism Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pages Understanding the difference between race and racism is a very controversial topic. Even I am trying to understand the difference between the two words. When individuals think about race the first word that comes to mind is racism, I would think its the same, but it’s not. When exploring the web to differentiate the meaning of these two words, one-word that keeps popping up is â€Å"racism†. The words are so similar which makes this topic difficult to write about, but as my English teacher CoarleeRead More Covert Racism in America Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesCovert Racism in America Racism is still a very current issue in America today. By no means is racism as overt as it was fifty years ago with enforced segregation, but today racism is more covert and often hides behind closed doors to only strike out when least expected. Racism has been deceasing and will continue to be decreased only through education. Hopefully, one day racism will cease to exist. But, that day if possible is many years away. Racism still exists in America today. This isRead MoreThe Oxford Dictionary Defines Racism As â€Å"Prejudice, Discrimination,1133 Words   |  5 PagesOxford Dictionary defines racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior.† If further defines the same as â€Å"The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† (Oxford Dictionaries | English, 2017).There are different types of racism based on religion, nationalityRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Race866 Words   |  4 Pages Race† is a complex word that has a variety of definitions, and one of the definitions in the dictionary lists it as a group of people that share a similar lifestyle, culture, tradition, history, etc. In reality, race itself is ambiguous and can be interpreted in many ways. The concept of race is largely complicated, yet it has seen a major impact in American society, sparking major outcries for many years. The textbook, Rethinking the Color Line: Readings in Race and Ethnicity, goes into substantialRead MoreIn what ways does ones race/ethnicity shape ones life-chances in contemporary society?1710 Words   |  7 Pagescome from. What race or ethnic group we belong to determines our life chances in contemporary society. Ethnicity is the cultural background of a group of people who share a belief in common ancestry. According to Max Weber, ethnic groups are formed by colonisation and immigration. Ethnicity is something we all have but in Australia and in many parts of the world, ethnicity is often applied on minority groups to highlight dominant groups of people on the bases of physical appearance, race, origins orRead MoreRacial Profiling : The United States Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pageswhites as they are pre-judged by their color of skin and the history behind it. Racial profiling is not something new to The United States as for years there has been discriminating practices towards minorities by law enforcement because of race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality and allowing white privilege to continue. Prejudice towards minorities strengthens and continues to grow as the victims of it choose to remain silent due to the fear of a retaliation. The United States of DiscriminationRead MoreWhite Supremacy Is Influencing The Young People Of Today988 Words   |  4 Pagessolutions that could help of the abolishment on White Supremacy is Arrest White Supremacist groups, have racism marked as a crime, and educate the population about racism and the harms of White Supremacy. Some opposing arguments are that White Supremacy is not setting a bad example ,It is helping the environment. However, this argument is not true. White Supremacy is a type of racism that can be taken in many ways. For example, (According to Jamie Liu from White Supremacy/Background .org)Read MoreRace, Ethnicity, Art and Film Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze race relations, ethnicity and how art and film relates to these social issues in their cultural context. Art and film have played vital roles in advocating for a society free of ethnicity and racism. Using vivid descriptions and evidence of both text and a movie this paper seeks to relate accordingly the concerned issues and factors affecting these social vices. It will demonstrate race and ethnic tendencies in diverse cultural contexts. As a demographic phenomenon, ethnicity is belonging

Taxation Law Peta Investment

Question: Discuss about the Taxation Law for Peta Investment. Answer: 1. Case Study Analysis Peta invested in a housing property two years ago in Kew. The house included two tennis courts at the back and it was not in good condition. Peta bought the house for residing with her family members and she also had the intention to construct three units in the Backyard so that she can sell them and make profit (Barkoczy et al., 2010). She received an offer in this assessment year whereby the neighbourhood Tennis club intends to buy the tennis court if it was converted to working condition. Peta changed her plan to take benefit of the attractive offer. She decided to invest $100,000 to renovate the old tennis court by fencing and resurfacing and convert it into working condition. The property now in good condition was sold for $600,000 to the tennis club. Nature of tax implication for amount received and if it is ordinary income according to s 6-5 According to Income assessment act 1997 s5-6, ordinary income is subject to income assessment for tax purpose based on ordinary concept. There is no standard explanation of ordinary concept and generally all earning considered as income by people and identified as part of income by the law (Barkoczy et al., 2010). The concept of ordinary income is generally by identifying three components namely The income earned from individual endeavour such as remuneration of the taxpayer. It is the wages and salary component of the remuneration. The earning generated from property such as house rent earned, interest and dividend received. The earning made from undertaking business activities such as trading, retail business and farming. The various components explained above is taken into account for income assessment, it is mandatory to find the difference between the component to identify which group of deduction it relate to, for example business activity undertaken by tax payer (Fong, and Pinto, 2006). The case mentioned above exhibit an isolated business activity and it can be related with the first limb of Myers and it explain all business activities undertaken with the purpose of earning profit then the income generated from that business activity will be considered as ordinary income with respect to ITAA s6-5 (Fong, and Pinto, 2006). Nevertheless if it is examined in the light of first limb of Myers it is mandatory that the purpose of earning profit at the time of buying the property required to be matching the approach of making profit from the business activity subsequently. Based on first limb of Myers it is significant that the business activity and the purpose of making profit need to support the deal to consider it to be an ordinary income. In context to the case where Peta has no business activity, it is important that the purpose of making profit must be present during the time the business deal occurred (Henry et al., 2009). As is evident from the case analysis above Peta expressed her intention to make profit when she stated that she plan to construct three units in the backyard where tennis court existed and sell them to earn profit during the purchase of property two years ago. It leads to an argument that with regard to the case there does exist in the purpose of making profit. Nevertheless it is clearly visible from the case analysis that the execution of original plan was done subsequently. With reference to the first limb of Myers it urge for the explanation of the purpose of making profit and its presence in the modified plan which occurre d (Henry et al., 2009). Here there can be a counter argument that the actual purpose of making profit was disposed based on the fact that the new deal offered better scope for Peta to accept the deal at the offered price making it the best offer as evident from the case of Westfield. From the case analysis it was established that the neighbourhood tennis club gave a purchase offer and Peta changed her initial plan based on the offer made. This makes for the argument that the initial purpose of making profit was disposed of. Again there can be an argument presented by the commissioner citing the case of TR92/3 AT (55-58) and it will, be supported by the fact that the income assessment would be applicable on earning made by the tax payer The acquisition of property was done the with purpose of making profit by any approach chosen based in suitability and subsequently profit is made by any approach which was undertaken with the initial purpose of making profit (Fong, 2002). The acquisition of property was undertaken by multi approach and way of making profit and use any of the approach to make profit; or The business deal was considered with the purpose of making profit by certain approach and ultimately another approach used to make the profit. The AAT with reference to the case of 1(1999) 99 ATC 101 and statement related with TR 92/3, lack element of truth and demand revision. This promotes the debate with regard to the opinion of high court in first limb of Myers? In this regard the case 1 of 1999 deal with the purpose of making profit while in the actual situation the making of profit was made from different method. Here the opinion of the court was with respect the taxation was non assessable (Fong, 2002). Further with regard to the case of FCT v Haass (1999) 99 the court expressed the opinion that the earning was assessable by stating the fact that though the profit making approach was not similar to the initial approach of plan. There is also probability that the taxpayer had purpose of making profit by undertaking multi approach and way of making profit and uses any of the approach to make profit. Therefore with regard to the illustration of the income tax assessment act 1997 and the related section along with the reference of first limb of Myers, the earnings of $600,000 is not ordinary income with respect to s6-5 as evident in the above explanation (Nethercott et al., 2010). Further in context to the case of FCT v Haass (1999) 99 it is ordinary income as explained above. 2. Alan takes the employment at ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) with contractual agreement for two years and he negotiated his remuneration that included salary and fringe benefit. The fixed salary amounted to $ 300,000. The other component included $220 every month as mobile phone allowance with GST included and the option of unlimited usage where Alan needs to pay fix monthly sum. He used the phone strictly for work. ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) paid the school fees and it amounted to $ 20,000 annually and it is free of GST (Nethercott et al., 2010). The company further gave the latest mobile phone handset and it amounted to $ 2000 that covered the GST. At the end of the year the company organized for employees and partners a diner at a local Thai restaurant for 20 people and it amounted to $ 6000 along with GST in the account of the company. a) Advising ABC of its FBT consequences and FBT liability Fringe benefits are additional benefit in the remuneration provided to the employee and it attracts tax liability. FBT is calculated on the gross amount of employee benefit provided for the given assessment year. The fringe benefit provided by company is generally non cash in nature. The calculation of tax with respect to fringe benefit is not the same as the calculation of tax for income tax purpose as the former deals with non cash benefit compared to cash benefit in the later. The applicable rate of FBT is 49% with regard to the assessment year of 2015 -16 but it will be reduced to 47% in the next assessment year 2016-2017 based on the TRBL. The remuneration component like salary and wages, superannuation and other benefits are excluded from the FBT liability (Kraal, Yapa, and Harvey, 2008). Further as stated in the FBTAA the benefits like expenses related with relocation, loan benefit, expenses related with work, remote area housing benefit, expenses of car payment with exemption , minor benefits with taxable income under s300 and expenses in work related tools and certain equipments are exempted from FBT. The 13 kinds of benefits with FBT liability as cited by FBTAA and it include Benefits from property Housing benefits Living away from home allowance benefits Car benefits Car parking benefits Board benefits Debts waiver benefits Meal entertainment benefits Airline transport benefits Residual fringe benefits Expense payments benefits Airline transport benefits Tax exempt body entertainment By applying the fringe benefits liability and exemption rules to the remuneration package of Alan in the case analysis above it can be stated that the mobile bill expenses would not be part of FBT taxation as it pertains to the office work. It will be exempted as mentioned under FBTAA exemption list related with FBT liability (Kraal, Yapa, and Harvey, 2008). Likewise mobile handset provided by the company is exempted from the FBT as it relates with expenses in tools and certain equipments under the FBTAA exemption list. Thus both $220 and $2000 pertaining to mobile bill expenses and mobile handset cost respectively will not have any FBT liability. The school fees are the personal expenses supposed to be paid by the employee. As in the case analysis above it is borne by the company it will have FBT liability as mentioned under the 13 benefits of FBT cited by FBTAA under the category of expense payment fringe benefit (Pattenden, and Twite, 2008). Therefore the amount of $20,000 related with school fess and GST free is FBT liable under type of FBTAA. The dinner party provided to the 20 employees and partners in a Thai restaurant at the end of the year by the company, it is liable for FBT as mentioned in the 13 kinds of benefits cited by FBTAA under meal entertainment category (Pattenden, and Twite, 2008). This is based on the assumption that the meal was not provided in the office hours. As such the expense of $6000 will have FBT liability for the company. Calculation of FBT for ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) Expense payment fringe benefit for ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) School fees borne by company as GST free = $ 20,000 FBT tax applicable calculation = $ 20,000 X 1.8868 = $ 37736 FBT liability calculation = $ 37736 X 47% = $ 17736 Meal entertainment benefits for ABC Pty Ltd (ABC) Dinner expense borne by the company = $ 6000 FBT tax applicable calculation = $ 6000 X 1.1 X 2.0802 X 50% = $ 7551 FBT liability calculation = $ 7551 X 47% = $ 3549 Total FBT liability = $ 17736 + $ 3549 = $ 21285 b) If ABC had 5 employees how the answer to A differ The answer to A would differ if there are 5 employees instead of 20 employees as in A. It would be lower payment pertaining to the dinner for ABC Pty Ltd (ABC). Therefore the FBT liability would also reduce in that proportion (Reinhardt, and Steel, 2006). The cost of dinner for 20 people was $ 6000 the cost of dinner for 5 people would be calculated as $ 6000/20 X5 and it works out to $ 1650. Thus the DBT would differ as shown below Cost of dinner = $ 1650 FBT tax applicable calculation = $ 1650 X 1.1 X 2.0802 X 50% = $ 1888 FBT liability calculation = $ 1888 X 47% = $ 887 c) If ABC included clients how the answer to A differ As stated by FBTAA 13 kinds of fringe benefits, the Meal entertainment benefits are restricted to employees and their associates. If the dinner party of the company included the clients then based on FBTAA rule it will be applicable for the employees and clients dinner will not be part of this calculation. Thus FBT liability in this case would remain the same as the clients dinner will not be part of the FBT Calculation (Woellner et al., 2016). Though there will additional expenses for the company it will not constitute the FBT liability related with employees. References Barkoczy, S., Rider, C., Baring, J. and Bellamy, N., 2010. Australian Tax Casebook. CCH Australia Limited. Fong, C. and Pinto, D., 2006. Research Guide to International Tax: An Australian Perspective, A. J. Austl. Tax'n, 9, p.82. Fong, C., 2002. Taxation Scholarship in Australia and New Zealand: A Preliminary View. J. Austl. Tax'n, 5, p.306. Henry, K., Harmer, J., Piggott, J., Ridout, H. and Smith, G., 2009. Australias future tax system. Canberra, Commonwealth Treasury. Kraal, D., Yapa, P.S. and Harvey, D., 2008, May. The impact of Australias Fringe Benefits Tax for cars on petrol consumption and greenhouse emissions. In Australian Tax Forum (Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 91-223). Nethercott, L., Richardson, G.A. and Devos, K., 2010. Australian Taxation Study Manual: Questions and Suggested Solutions. CCH Australia Limited. Pattenden, K. and Twite, G., 2008. Taxes and dividend policy under alternative tax regimes. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14(1), pp.1-16. Reinhardt, S. and Steel, L., 2006. A brief history of Australia's tax system. Economic Round-up, (Winter 2006), p.1. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press.

The Cask Of Amontillado Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Cask Of Amontillado Analysis Essay 9/17/01Critical Reading and WritingThe Cask of Amontillado, written by Edgar Allen Poe, is a classictale of revenge. This flawlessly diabolical plan of revenge begins to takeshape during a period of great celebration. The Cask of Amontillado beginsduring the carnival season of an unknown Italian city. Written in 1846, thestory takes place on the streets of a carnival and moves into the dark anddreary crypt in the palazzo of the main character, Montressors .Thislocation adds to the menacing atmosphere of the story. The scenes anddifferent settings are limited; Poe chooses the perfect scene for the typeof image he is trying to portray. This enhances the mood of the story. We will write a custom essay on The Cask Of Amontillado Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After Montressor asserts: The thousand injuries of Fortunato I hadborne as I best could; but when he ventured upon insult, I vowed revenge I must not only punish, but punish with impunity, he takes it upon himselfto devise a plan of vengeance. In the time following the insult, Montressoris very wary not arouse the suspicions of Fortunato. He has decided uponrevenge and spends his days figuring out how and when his revenge will bemost effective. Ultimately, Monteressor decides to use Fortunatosstrengths against him. Since Fortunato is a connoisseur of fine wines, heplans to lure him with wine. One evening during the carnival season, Montressor encounters thedrunken Fortunato dressed as a jester. He lures him back home with himbecause he exclaims that he is in need of advice. He offers to get theadvice from another man, but Fortunato will not let his reputation as thebest wine taster become blemished. Montressor explains that he has justpurchased a cask of what seems to be Amontillado but he is not quite surewhether he was fooled. Fortunato offers to return home with him to settlethe matter. After Fortunato has taken the bait, the two proceed towards thepalazzo of Montressor. Upon arrival, Montressor is excessively polite andoffers to turn back due to the obvious cough and cold of Fortunato. Whetherit is due to determination or sheer intoxication, Fortunato refuses to turnback. As they begin to venture into the vaults, Montressor sees his plantaking shape. They finally reach the most remote end of the crypt into asmall less spacious room. In a deceitful manner, Montressor g ets Fortunatoto enter the room, which is no more than four feet deep, three feet wide,and six or seven feet tall. The moment he enters the room, Montressorchains him. Implementing the final stage of his plan, Montressor wallsFortunato in the room using a pile of bricks that he has assembled. Toointoxicated to even attempt resistance, Fortunato spend the whole timescreaming. In a last attempt at freedom, he even tries to play off thewhole incident as a joke and asks Montressor to release him. Growing sickat heart due to the darkness of the crypt, Montressor hurries and finisheshis plan. His revenge was complete. He lives up to the words on hisfamilys coat of arms: Nemo me impune lacessit, which means No oneassails me with impunity. DiscussionIt is a rarity to find a story so rich in its symbolism and dramaticirony. Edgar Allen Poe undoubtedly captures the essence of fear andsuspense while perfectly utilizing the aforementioned literary devices. Itis through the use of these two devic es that he delivers the quality thathe is so well known for. From the beginning of the story the irony is apparent. The firstironic aspect of the story is the name Fortunato. This name suggests goodfortune, when in reality; the character of Fortunato experiences quite theopposite. He suffers a terrible death after being lured into a chamber by afriend. A second and perhaps less important example of irony in the storyis the setting. The characters meet during a carnival. While carnival isthought to be a time of fun and celebration, it turns out to be a time ofdeath and revenge. The way the narrator treats Fortunato is also veryironic. While the narrator makes it clear to the reader that Fortunato issuffering from a severe cold, he proceeds to complement Fortunato duringthe carnival on his remarkable appearance. Fortunato is tricked and ledinto a pride struggle when the seemingly friendly Montressor displaysapparent concern. A perfect example of the obviously ironic and twistednature of Montressor is when he offers to

Empedocles essays

Empedocles essays Empedocles was a major Greek philosopher. This man was born in Agrigentum, Sicily, in 490? - 430 BC. He was not only a philosopher but a statesman, poet, and knowledge of natural history and medicine. After his father's death he extended his career in politics. He favored the democratic side and had many fellow citizens support him. He then obtained royal positions in Agrigentum. He was offered the crown but rumor has it that he refused. His study was a combination of scientific study and mystical religion of the Orphic type. Differing from Pythagoras, he focused on medicine instead of mathematics. The skill that he possessed in medicine and natural philosophy allowed him to perform many wonders. He pretended to drive away noxious winds from his country and put a stop to epidemic diseases. He has also been said to have restored a woman to life who had lain breathless thirty days and to have done many other things, equally astonishing. Empedocless poetic talent was based on nature. One of his famous poems was Peri Phuseos. The death of this notable philosopher is unknown, but according to the common account he has said to have thrown himself into the burning crater of Aetna and might afterwards pass as a god. This story was told by Strabo and other fictitious writers. According to Aristotle he died at the age of sixty. Empedocless philosophy was based on the extant fragments of his poems on nature and purification. He said that all things are composed of four primary elements: earth, air, fire, and water. There are two active and opposing forces, love and hate (affinity and antipathy), act upon these elements. These forces combine and separate the elements into infinitely varied forms. According to Empedocles, his view points are that reality is cyclical. At the beginning of the cycle, the four elements are bound together by the principle of love. When hate penetrates the cycle, the elem ...

How to Teach Essay Writing for ESL Classes

How to Teach Essay Writing for ESL Classes As ESL students become more fluent, its time to focus on how to use that fluency in specific tasks such as making a presentation or writing an essay. The advanced topics you choose should depend upon what your students have planned for the future. In classes with mixed objectives, theres a need for balance to make sure that students who dont necessarily need the task at hand still profit from the lesson. This is never truer than when teaching essay writing skills. Classes which are preparing for academic English objectives require the skills while business English, or English for specific purposes classes, might find the entire exercise a waste of their time. Chances are you have a mixed class, so it is recommended to tie essay writing skills to other important skills such as using equivalencies, the proper use of linking language and sequencing in writing. Students not interested in essay writing skills will gain valuable experience in developing these skills regardless of the task. Build Toward Essay Writing Skills Start by Modeling Clear Writing at the Sentence Level The best way to approach essay writing skills is to start at the sentence level. Once students have learned to compose simple, compound and complex sentences, they will have the tools necessary to write longer documents such as essays, business reports, formal emails, and so on. All students will find this help invaluable. Focus on Equivalencies I find the best place to start is with equivalencies. Before moving on, make sure students understand sentence types by writing a simple, compound and complex sentence on the board. Simple Sentence: Mr. Smith visited Washington three years ago.Compound Sentence: Anna advised him against the idea, but he decided to go nonetheless.Complex Sentence: Since he was in Washington, he took the time to visit the Smithsonian. Build up students knowledge of equivalencies by beginning with FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions), moving on to subordinating conjunctions, and finishing with other equivalencies such as preposition and conjunctive adverbs. Focus on Linking Language Next, students will need to link their language, creating organization through the use of linking language including sequencing. It helps to write out processes at this point. Ask students to think of some process, then use sequencing language to connect the dots. Its a good idea to ask students to use both numberings in a sequence of steps and linking through time words. Writing Essay Practice Explaining Essay Writing on the Board Now that students understand how to combine sentences into larger structures, its time to move on to writing essays. Provide a simple essay to students and ask them to identify various structures / written objectives: Underline linking languageFind examples of FANBOYS, subordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, etc.What is the main idea of the essay?How does the essay seem to be organized?Essays generally contain an introduction, body, and conclusion. Can you identify each? I like to help students by first explaining that an essay is like a hamburger. Its certainly a crude analogy, but students seem to get the idea of the intro and conclusion being like the buns, while the content is the good stuff. Essay Writing Lesson Plans There are a number of lesson plans and resources on this site that help out with the many steps involved in developing the necessary writing skills. To focus on combining simple sentences into more compound structures, use this ​simple to compound sentence worksheet. Once students are comfortable at the sentence level, use the essay writing workshop  - a total of four lessons - to proceed from brainstorming, through outlining to final essay production. Challenges With Teaching Essay Writing As stated at the beginning of this introduction, the main issue with essay writing is that it is not really necessary for every student. Another issue is that traditional five paragraph essays are certainly a little old school. However, I still feel that understanding the structure of your basic hamburger essay will serve students well when putting together future written work.

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Leadership - Essay Example as observed that , transformational leaders who may happen to have narcissistic tendencies can apply a very powerful influence over followers, who may give them trust and respect (Stone, Russel and Patterson, 2003, p.4) as to manipulate the latter. Manipulating followers may actually be violating the latter’s very freedom as the act would amount to misleading them to choosing what is proper as free human beings. These followers may virtually submit their wills to their leaders. The possibility of this argument is due to the appeal to emotions which a key ingredient to practice transformational leadership. The source of the first criticism is the fact that there are allegedly people who were transformational leaders who led their people to destruction. Used as examples are the cases of Rev Jim Jones and Hitler. In the case of Jones, the leader caused massive Jonestown suicide after convincing his people of the value of his proposition no matter how evil it may be (Krans, B. 2007). Which could be more evil than taking one’s life by the instigation of a leader who is supposed to espouse and value life and on the greatest values on human being? The case of Hitler is too familiar to escape mentioning the same when it comes to leaders who could move their followers to attainment of objectives and goals of the group. Who could imagine that Hitler was able to have the command of his followers to exterminate millions of Jews as to offend the sensibility of human kind? Hitler and Himmler, his fanatical racist and ultimate bureaucrat what able to take control of anti-Jewish initiatives and Hitler was the ideological and political author of the Holocaust (Farmer, 2010). The reasoning behind the criticism is assumption that there is a tendency by the transformational leaders to take advantage of the emotions of the followers who may forget about the supremacy of reason because they have virtually submitted their beliefs and wills to their leader because of their

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

No topic - Assignment Example In the 12 year period, the supply of cod continued falling. 7. The Canadian cod market between 1948 and 1958 cannot be rated to be perfect. It is worth noting that the population of cod remained relatively stable, but the demand and supply trend in the Canadian market fluctuated irregularly. Such a market is what may be referred to as an imperfect market. 8. It was in 1975 that Canadian government banned code fishing. However, regulation did not receive an optimal policy. The politics might have affected the implementation of the regulation s through lifting some of the restricting provisions. 9. The ban of cod fishing may be considered as an effective recovery strategy but it is slow. The explanation given is that the increase in the code production assumes an exponential series, which begins with a small increment, by larger and large population increments. It is expected that after some time, the population would be regenerated if the ban is held. Secondly, the eradication of cod from the ecosystem triggered an imbalance in the ecosystem food web and this will require sometime for recovery. 10. The fluctuation of the cod supply between 1968 and 1998 is expected to affect other fish markets. The fact that the cod supply went down implies that the pressure would be transferred to other fish species. This means that the demand for other fish species would increase. 11. Cod prey on other marine organisms including squid, lobsters, mollusks, mackerel, worms, whiting and haddocks, so on. The cod population has now responded to the changes in the food supply by adapting to other food types. 12. One way of reducing pressure on fish in the natural habitat is by resorting to the establishment of aquaculture. Aquaculture is expected to reduce the prizes of fish by catering for the demand and this can be explained based on the relationship depicted by the supply and demand curve. However, this rests upon the regulatory measures that are to be put in place.

Financial Accountants in Modern Era Essay Example for Free

Financial Accountants in Modern Era Essay Professional accountant: A professional accountant is an educated and experienced accountant who is responsible to keep a check on the company’s money flow. Business accountancy is one of the most sought out occupation in the modern day era. He works as the company’s management to determine how well a company is functioning in terms of financial reporting. The government assesses the professional accountant’s reports to determine the tax owed by the company. The evaluation done by the professional accountant is of significant importance since investors and banks study them to determine if the company is worth investing or not. Accounting is a very diverse field and every person involved in it has a prescribed set of tasks. Some deal with financial reports such as balance sheets and income statements whereas others are more concerned with tax planning and compliance. With more practice, one is able to become an expert in the field and can therefore be of great value to the owner as well as the business. An experienced Professional accountant should understand his importance to the business and be able to recognize the limitations he has to work with. He has to make things work his way in order to make the right decisions every now and then. It’s not the many easy decisions that he has to take but rather the few difficult ones that make him an expert in the field. They need to plan across-the-board and execute it without fail. Exceptional professional accountants have a network of accounting contemporaries, who help them solve the situations outside their areas of expertise. Professional accountants with exceptional skills in the field of accounting pick up opportunities that are of some value to the client and acts as a valuable asset for the business as well. In short, the professional accountant is the backbone of the company and a valuable asset who helps keep things flowing in the right manner. Importance of professional accountants in the modern era: The modern day world of business is dominated by globalization, it has become extremely important for organizations to grow and extend their reach beyond national boundaries. As competition is increasing and geographical limitations reducing, it is becoming more imperative for organizations to keep a stringent check on the finances being used and earned. Therefore as a result, the importance of Professional accountants is increasing proportionately. The primary job of a professional accountant is to prepare the financial reports for the organization, analyze them and present the true picture to the people who are the chief decision makers in the company. Considering the gravity of work involved, it is imperative that the professional accountant be someone who is experienced, versatile, of high integrity and competent enough to handle any situation that might arise related to the financial structure of the company. The evaluation done by professional accountants is then used as a basis by banks and the investors to determine whether the company is a profitable proposition or not. A professional accountant is someone who should be able to comprehend each and every situation in the best possible manner and be able to present a clear picture to the management for better decision making. He is able to understand all the limitations as well as the strengths of the company and can therefore advice the management to make profitable decisions. His purpose is not to make money for himself but to work mutually for the betterment of the company and himself. Reference http://www.accountant-search.com/business-accountants.html

The Cold War and Reagan Essays -- Essays Papers

The Cold War and Reagan Topics What was the cold war? What were the causes? The Cold War at Home. -The U.S. involvement. What major roles did President Reagan serve in the cold war? A cold war is defined as "a conflict between nations for national advantage conducted by political, economic, and psychological means instead of direct military action." The Cold War defined by the same source was determined to be "the contest for power between the communist nations headed by the Soviet Union and the nations of the West headed by the United States that began after World War II"(Barnhart & Thorndike, 198). Causes of the Cold War included the struggle between conflicting values, those of Democracy in the West and statism in the East. After WWII the re-establishment of Eastern European countries destroyed in the war led to much disagreement about governmental structures, the West wanted Democracies with capitalist systems while the East (USSR) wanted a communist regime. The USSR would then be able to use the countries as buffer states against any further attack. This attack on the Soviets that might come would not take long to go through the buffer states protecting them against the new mechanism of war. World War II had created fear in the Soviets, mainly because of the use of the Atomic Bomb, and therefore they pushed towards nuclear technology. The label "iron curtain" was placed on the barrier existing between the Soviet bloc and the rest of the world, this idea was pushed by Winston Churchill to further British power in Western Europe. Forty-six years of a blind war followed and the West and the East fought "a war of nerves." As soon as World War II had ended threats of war with the Soviet Union beg... ...The Cold War was fought through the build up of arms, technology, and psychologically on the home front with a battle of nerves. Works Cited Internet Sources - http://ac.acusd.edu/History/20th/coldwar8.html - http://ac.acusd.edu/History/20th/reagan.html - http://icdweb.cc.purdue.edu/~phealy/foreign.html - http://icdweb.cc.purdue.edu/~phealy/mccarthy.html - http://icdweb.cc.purdue.edu/~phealy/yalta.html - http://www.tntech.edu/~mww/www/reagan.html - http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/rr40.html - Barnhart, Clarence L., Thorndike E.L., Thorndike Barnhart Advanced Dictionary, Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1974. - Cannon, Lou. President Reagan: the Role of a Lifetime. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. - Wills, Gary. Reagan’s America. New York, Viking Penguin, 1988.

Health Leadership Theory

Leadership Midterm Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Leadership- a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. 2. Trait vs Process Leadership- innate characteristics that individuals are born with vs properties possessed that one is able to develop. 3. Assigned vs Emergent Leadership- based on occupying a position within an organization vs an individual perceived by others as most influential member of a group regardless of individuals title. 4. Power- capacity or potential to influence (beliefs, attitudes, & actions) 5. Bases of Power: . Referent power- follower’s identification and liking for the leader b. Expert- based on followers’ perceptions of the leader’s competence. c. Legitimate- having status or formal job authority. d. Reward- having the capacity to provide rewards to others. e. Coercive- having the capacity to punish others. Real, Expert, Leaders, Reward Compliance (1st two are personal power while the ladder thr ee are positional power) Chapter 2 Trait Approach * One of the first systematic attempts to study leadership. Early theories focused on innate qualities/characteristics. Major Leadership traits***: 1. Intelligence- verbal, perceptual, and reasoning capabilities 2. Self-confidence- certainty about one’s competencies and skills 3. Determination- desire to get the job done 4. Integrity- quality of honesty and trustworthiness. 5. Sociability- Leader’s inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships. Israel’s, security, defense, is, strong * Big Five Personality factors: 1. Neuroticism- tendency to be depressed, anxious, insecure,†¦ (don’t want) 2. Extraversion**- tendency to be sociable and assertive with positive energy. . Openness- informed, creative, insightful, and curious. 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness- thorough, organized controlled, dependable, and decisive. * Emotional Intelligence- ability to perceive and apply emotions to lifeâ₠¬â„¢s tasks. The premise is that people who are more sensitive to emotions & their impacts will be more effective leaders. Chapter 3 Skills Approach * Leadership skills- ability to use one’s knowledge and competencies to accomplish a set of goals and objectives. * Katz developed the Three-Skill Approach: 1.Technical- having knowledge about and being proficient in a specific type of work or activity. 2. Human skill- having knowledge about and being able to work with people. 3. Conceptual skill- the ability to do the mental work of shaping meaning of organizational policy or issues. Top management has high human and conceptual, but low technical. Middle management has high everything Supervisory management has high technical, high human, and low conceptual. * Chapter 4 Style Approach Style Approach emphasizes the behavior of the leader: 1. Task behaviors 2. Relationship behaviorsStudies: 1. Ohio state studies developed a leadership behavior description questionnaire (LBDQ) and it resulted in leaders with initiating structure and consideration. 2. University of Michigan-results in leaders with two type of behavior: employee oriented and production oriented. Blake & Mouton’s Managerial Leadership Grid focuses on concern for production and people. *Be able to draw this* Note that the first 4 chapters focused on the leader and his abilities. The next few chapters focus on the interaction with subordinates. Chapter 5 Situational ApproachLeaders must match their style to the competence and commitment of subordinates. Leaders need to diagnose the situation and then adapt their style. **** Chapter 6 Contingency Theory Leader Match Theory Fiedler developed the Contingency model High LPCs are effective in moderately favorable conditions while low LPCs are effective in extreme conditionis. Chapter 7 Path-Goal Theory Centers on how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish designated goals. Leadership generates motivation when it: 1. Increases rewards (payof fs) 2. Increases assistance by leader- clarifies & defines goals 3.Removes obstacles 4. Makes work personally satisfying R,C&D,O,S Chapter 8 Leader-Member Exchange Theory High quality leader member exchanges between leaders and followers produced multiple positive outcomes (less employee turnover, greater commitment, promotions,.. ) Quint Studer Introduction Managers create the best possible plan to deal with the changing external environment. And they do this in a quick fashion. â€Å"We are only as strong as our weakest link. † Chapter 1 Alignment Healthcare organizations must be aligned to provide excellent medical care.The difficulty here is that most organizations don’t have a uniform or seamless organization. It takes significant amounts of time for information/procedures to flow down through the organization from C-Suite leaders to supervisory personnel and this process needs to speed up. Chapter 2 Action How quickly and effectively leaders can drive action dete rmines whether an organization lives or dies. As leaders we must be able to anticipate the outcome of changes in the external environment as they are occurring and respond appropriately. This is prohibited as the majority of leaders do need get prepared for their leadership role.Studer identifies that the training should cascade through an organization with leader taking ownership of training leaders below them. Chapter 3 Accountability Organizations require a system to be in place that holds people accountable for their actions. While top managers might say that their leaders are performing exceptionally when compared with yearly goals this doesn’t line up. The majority of time the managers results doesn’t match up with there reviews because there is a serious disconnect. Studer suggests that leaders take the lead in creating accountable organizations.Set specific goals, properly measure the data, and watch how results vary, act accordingly. Also, be able to change th e system quickly as the environment changes. Chapter 4 Leader Consistency & Best Practices All leaders in the organization need to be consistent with each other and adopt/implement best practices. Leaders often have difficult implementing best practices. Reasons for this include that leaders of one organization might not want their successful strategies being utilized in another company because they will no longer have the edge.. Current Events Hospital PartnershipsHospitals are now forming partnerships in an attempt to decrease expenses and increase quality of care. Understand what the term synergistic means. Ex. 1+ 1=3 Together something may be obtained, but individually this could never happen. Fraying Hospital Safety Nets While safety net hospitals receive less reimbursement for procedures they are still maintaining high quality of compare. This article demonstrated through studies that these less aesthetically pleasing hospitals have similar if not better readmission rates than others. Healthcare Reform Law Creates New Age of ConsumerismIf Obamacare gets implemented the 40 million uninsured individuals in the US will now have access to healthcare. This brings a new age of consumers accessing health services. Since a lot more people are coming into the system many companies are restructuring their services to make them more â€Å"digestible† said Karen ignangi CEO. Medi-cal recipients warned they could lose day healthcare benefit Medical recipients might loose ability to attend adult day healthcare center where they receive nursing care, social services, and meals. To continue receiving benefits these individuals must enroll in managed care programs.Cedars Sinai- UCLA cut from LA city health plan Because of increased cost cefars and ucla DOCTORS have been cut from anthem blue cross network. 60,000 employees are unable to attend these hospitals for future services. Because of research and public perception cost these hospitals are capable of charging higher rates. New system for patients to report medical mistakes â€Å"Currently there is no mechanism for consumers to report information about patient safety events. † Politicians and other officials state that it would be beneficial to implement a system where patients/consumers can give feedback regarding their experiences.This will increase the quality of care over time. Some officials are worried that patients may mischaracterize an outcome as an adverse event because they have a lack of medical knowledge. Patients would report these errors using a website and telephone interviews. What, when, where,.. Allergan drops bid for FDA approval to promote Lap-Band for teens The company sought permission from FDA to promote lap band for kids as young as 14. After a period of time they withdraw the permission and stopped asking for it. The company faces declining revenues and is likely trying to bring them up by getting into a new market of younger kids/adults.Allergan has yet to publish their clinical results which creates doubt in its effectiveness and may be the reason why they withdrew permission. Five people have died as a result of procedures and obesity is still a catastrophic problem in our society. We need to be pushing diet, exercise, and healthy eating habits rather than surgery.. Filipino nurses win language discrimination settlement $975,000 settlement was reached between the hospital and many philipino nurses that worked there and were prevented from speaking their native language. They claimed they were followed and harassed by security and other individuals.They were even threatened by the instillation of security cameras. All the while other individuals were aloud to speak their native languages like Spanish. Administrators don’t want them speaking other languages because it makes patients feel uncomfortable. Patients need to know what’s going on at all times since their health is at stake.. Doctor turns away obese patients Put staff at risk, office isn’t equipped to handle care of over weight patients, equipment costs are high. She is legally allowed to do this but ethically it is unsound. Where did Dr. Rubino go on vacation?St Petersberg, Russia KNOW THE TRENDS IN HEALTHCARE: 1. Cost cutting will be top of mind for CEOs: mergers/partnerships, outsourcing functions to less costly vendors,†¦ 2. IT will also be of importance; incorporating EMR, and health information exchange 3. Expect consolidation, mergers, and zcquisitions 4. Expect higher turnover in C-suite as redirection and early retirements occur. These positions are now more demanding and involve more conflict. KNOW THE CASE STUDIES WE DID IN CLASS (HINT) Study the case studies they will be reworded Introduction is included in Quint StuderWhen you permit you promote Draw the contingency model What would prevent a manger from preventing a best practice? Ego is one answer What word could you use to describe _______? Synergistic relati onships*** Exam question His own article on the amount of money that is being wasted in the medical field. The budget for medical services per year in the US is $2. 2 Trillion of which $750 billion is determined to be wasted. There is groups like administrative waste (working on projects and things that are not necessary), physicians suggesting services not contingent with evidence based medicine, fraud,†¦

Marriott Corporation: the Cost of Capital Essay

Dan Cohrs of Marriott Corporation has the important task of determining correct hurdle rates for the entire corporation as well as each individual business segment. These rates are instrumental in determining which future projects to pursue and thus fundamentally important for Marriott’s growth trajectory. This case analysis seeks to examine Marriott’s financial strategy in comparison with its growth goals as well as evaluate a detailed breakdown of Marriott’s cost of capital – both divisionally and as a whole. Financial Strategy and Growth Marriot’s current financial strategy is in line with its overall goal of steady growth. By building and then promptly selling their hotels to limited partners, the company recoups its costs almost immediately. They then run the hotels, taking a 20% cut of the profits in addition to a 3% management fee. This results in fast, stable returns, which is good for continued growth. They may run into issues with overexpansion in the future, but for the time being, their strategy is sound. The other elements of Marriott’s financial strategy are also in line with their overall goals. By seeking projects that would increase shareholder value and repurchasing undervalued shares, they ensure that the value of their equity does not decrease. When coupled with the use of debt in the company’s capital structure, they are creating a good framework for future growth. Cost of Capital – Lodging and Restaurant Divisions We begin with an analysis of hurdle rates for the Lodging and Restaurant divisions, for which public comparable company figures are provided, to back into cost of capital for Contract Services in the next section, for which public comparables are not available. Restaurant D/V D/E ÃŽ ²lev ered ÃŽ ²unlev ered Church’s Chicken 4.0 % 0.04 0.75 0.73 Frisch’s 6.0 % 0.06 0.60 0.58 Collins Foods 10.0 % 0.11 0.13 0.12 Luby’s Cafeterias 1.0 % 0.01 0.64 0.64 McDonald’s 23.0 % 0.30 1.00 0.86 Wendy’s Int. 21.0 % 0.27 1.08 0.94 Rf 8.72 % Market Premium 7.92 % Median ÃŽ ²unlev ered 0.685 Target Debt % 42 % ÃŽ ²lev ered 0.962 Cost of Equity 16.57 % Cost of Debt 10.52 % WACC 12.08 % Lodging D/V D/E ÃŽ ²lev ered ÃŽ ²unlev ered Hilton 14.0 % 0.16 0.88 0.81 Holiday 79.0 % 3.76 1.46 0.47 La Quinta 69.0 % 2.23 0.38 0.17 Ramada 65.0 % 1.86 0.95 0.47 Rf 8.95 % Market Premium 7.92 % Median ÃŽ ²unlev ered 0.468 Target Debt % 74 % ÃŽ ²lev ered 1.213 Cost of Equity 18.56 % Cost of Debt 10.05 % WACC 8.98 % For these two divisions, we found the unlevered beta for each company in the division’s peer set, then relevered the median of this set with respect to Marriott’s target debt percentage of 74% and 42% for Lodging and Restaurant divisions, respectively, as a proxy for Marriott’s Lodging levered beta. The risk-free rates are based on U.S Treasury interest rates: we used the 30-year for Lodging and the 10-year for Restaurant due to the longevity of the assets in each respective division. Lodging assets consist mostly of real estate and have lives spanning decades, while restaurants are more likely to have a life cycle closer to 10 years. The geometric average in 1987 for the spread between the S&P 500 and U.S. Government Bonds at 7.92% is used as the market risk premium in all cases, and the cost of debt is calculated by adding the debt rate premium for each division to each division’s risk free rate. A tax rate of 44.1% is extrapolated by dividing income tax expense by EBT in the historical financials. With the entire infrastructure in place, we can calculate each division’s cost of equity through the CAPM model: Cost of Capital – Contract Services Division Comparable companies are not given for the Contract Services Division, but information about the division can be backsolved using some simple algebra as we are given Marriott’s balance sheet breakdown by segment in Exhibit 2: Since it is given that Marriott’s unlevered beta is .97, its tax rate is 44.1%, and has 60% debt in its capital structure, we can unlever to see that Marriott as an entire firm has an unlevered beta of .79. Assuming that Marriott’s unlevered beta can be calculated as a weighted average of its divisions’ betas based on identifiable assets, we can find Contract Services unlevered beta by solving: Using some algebra, this yields an unlevered beta of 1.55 for Contract Services. Relevering with the 2/3 desired debt-to-equity ratio yields a levered beta of 2.13. This time, we use the 1-day risk-free rate due to the even shorter lifespan of contracts. Cost of Capital – Marriott as a Whole There are several ways to approach Marriott’s cost of capital as an entire firm. One way is to use CAPM to find its cost of equity, long-term interest rates for the cost of debt, and weigh according to its capital structure to find WACC. Under this method, we lever the previously found firm-wide ÃŽ ²U of .79 to the desired 3/2 debt-to-equity ratio to find a cost of equity of 17.12%. Next, we apply the CAPM using the 10-year Treasury for 1987 Assets % of total ÃŽ ²unlev ered Lodging 2777.4 60.6 % 0.47 Contract Services 1237.7 27.0 % Restaurants 567.6 12.4 % 0.68 Total 4582.7 100.0 % Contract Services Rf 6.90 % Market Premium 7.92 % ÃŽ ²unlev ered 1.550 Target Debt % 40 % ÃŽ ²lev ered 2.131 Cost of Equity 23.78 % Cost of Debt 8.30 % WACC 16.12 % the risk-free rate and the one-year arithmetic return for 1987. We use the arithmetic rather than geometric since CAPM is a one-period model. For Marriott’s cost of debt, we add the credit spread of 1.3% to the ten-year Treasury yield of 8.72%. Plugging all these variables into CAPM, we arrive at a WACC of 10.53%. Another method to finding Marriott’s cost of capital is by taking a weighted average of its three segments. Since its three segments have different business models – it may be helpful to see the cost of capital as a mix of its three divisions rather than an aggregate Marriott unit. Weighing each division by the same weights in the Contract Services section, we calculate that WACC is 11.3% A couple of items to note on Marriott’s firm-wide cost of capital are noted here. Marriott’s WACC measures the cost of capital for the whole Marriott Corporation. Marriott has three lines of business –each line of service has its unique cost of deb t and beta, so when valuing investments in those three service lines, we would use their own WACC instead of using Marriott’s WACC. If the firm only uses one hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each line of business, it may accept or reject some investment project improperly. From the question below we already found that the WACC for lodging and restaurants is not the same. So for example, if just using one hurdle rate, like 10%, to evaluate the project among these two line of service, the lodging service may reject this project while the restaurant service may accept it. Appendix Below are the costs of equity, debt, and capital for all of Marriott as well as its three divisions. Weight WACC Lodging 0.60606 8.98 % Contract Services 0.27008 16.12 % Restaurants 0.12386 12.08 % 11.30 % Contract Marriott Lodging Restaurant Services Cost of Debt 10.02 % 10.05 % 10.52 % 8.30 % Cost of Equity 17.12 % 18.56 % 16.57 % 23.78 % Cost of Capital 10.53 % 8.98 % 12.08 % 16.12 %

Definition and Examples of Memory in Classical Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Memory in Classical Rhetoric Definition In classical rhetoric, memory is the fourth of the traditional five parts or canons of rhetoricthat which considers methods and devices (including figures of speech) to aid and improve an orators ability to remember a speech. Also called  memoria. In ancient Greece, memory was personified as Mnemosyne, the mother of the Muses. Memory was known as mneme in Greek, memoria in Latin. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: Bathtub EffectClassical Rhetoric Dissoi Logoi: Dissoi Logoi on MemoryMnemonicOratory Parable: The Invention of LettersWhat Are the Five Canons of Rhetoric? EtymologyFrom the Latin, mindful   Examples and Observations In general, Roman writers on rhetoric (and, according to them their Hellenistic predecessors) avoided deciding whether memory was a natural ability or a learned skill by dividing it into two kinds. There was what was called the natural memory, which was simply an individuals aptitude for recalling things. This natural memory could be supplemented by the techniques of artificial memory, a set of practices that enabled their user to remember more clearly, more completely, more systematically, or simply more than his natural memory would allow.(William West, Memory in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, ed. Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2001) The Mnemonic Place SystemIt is not difficult to get hold of the general principles of the mnemonic. The first step was to imprint on the memory a series of loci or places. The commonest, though not the only, type of mnemonic place system used was the architectural type. The clearest description of the place is that given by Quintilian [in Instit utio Oratoria]. In order to form a series of places in memory, he says, a building is to be remembered, as spacious and varied a one as possible . . .. The images by which the speech is to be remembered . . . are then placed in imagination on the places which have been memorized in the building. . . . We have to think of the ancient orator as moving in imagination through his memory building whilst he is making his speech, drawing from the memorized places the images he has placed on them. The method ensures that the points are remembered in the right order.(Frances A. Yates, The Art of Memory. Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966) Oral Memory and the Art of Memory: Orality and LiteracySome distinctions between oral memory and the art of memory (the fourth canon in classical rhetoric) should be articulated in future studies on memory. Whereas oral memory is a conception for cultural oral traditions and, specifically, for oral epic traditions, the art of memory is a reconceived view of memory that was articulated by rhetoricians and was clearly influenced by the increased acceptance and use of literacy in Greek culture. Thus, Frances Yatess seminal work, The Art of Memory, begins with a rhetorical, not a poetic, tradition. The very notion of memory as inner writing shows the early influence of literacy on the rhetorical tradition of memory. . . . The evolving art of memory shows orality and literacy working together.(Joyce Irene Middleton, Oral Memory and the Teaching of Literacy. Rhetorical Memory and Delivery: Classical Concepts for Contemporary Composition and Communication, ed. by John Frederick Reynolds. L awrence Erlbaum, 1993) Memory as a Creative ForceIn rhetoric, memory craft is a stage in composing a work; presupposed is the axiom that recollection is an act of investigation and recreation in the service of conscious artifice. Its practitioners would not have been surprised to learn what was to them already obvious: that recollection is a kind of composition, and by its very nature is selective and formal.(Mary Jean Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Kairos and MemoryIt seems paradoxical, but kairos and memory were partnered in several ways. First, both require a kind of attunement in that the rhetor who is gathering items for reserve in the memory must be thinking simultaneously about whats available now that might be useful later. Secondly, memory requires an attunement during the moment of speaking or composing, a recognition of the right time for recalling an illustrative example, an argument, and so on. . . . It is also of crucial importance to be aware of what events or knowledge might dominate the memories of a particular audience. . . . All of these aspects of memory , we believe, connect to kairos, the ancient notion of timing and attunement.(Sharon Crowley and Debra Hawhee, Ancient Rhetorics for Modern Students, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2004) The Suppression of Memory in Composition StudiesIt is crucial to an understanding of Western literacy at this millennium to recognize that the disappearance of memory and delivery is not a benign removal; rather, it is part of a larger movement in the United States to pablumize the humanities in general, and to vitiate writing in particular by behaving as if it were a mere skill, craft, or useful tool. . . .Many issues of culture, ideology, society, and the construction of public and private lives reside in the functions of memory and delivery; public and private realms are routinely and tacitly regarded not as construction, but as palpably, obviously separate entities. The elimination of memory and delivery in the majority of student writing textbooks constitutes the removal of student-written language from the larger public arena. The removal reinforces the common, dualistic idea that students live outside ideology if they choose to do so, just as they are outside language if they choose to be.(Kathleen E. Welch, The Suppression of Memory, Delivery, and Ideology. Rhetorical Memory and Delivery: Classical Concepts for Contemporary Composition and Communication, ed. by John Frederick Reynolds. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993) Pronunciation: MEM-eh-ree

Famous writers on writers block - Emphasis

Famous writers on writers block Famous writers on writers block Writing is easy: all you do is sit staring at a blank sheet of paper until drops of blood form on your forehead. So said Gene Fowler, the American journalist and author. If you and your forehead have ever felt the pain of writers block, its worth taking some advice from some distinguished fellow sufferers. Although many of these come from creative writers, the same rules often apply. Accept a degree of imperfection I think writers block is when you say to yourself, I could write something, but it wouldnt be good enough. Theres no such thing as a complete inability to write a sentence. Scott Adams, creator of Dilbert If I waited for perfection, I would never write a word. Margaret Atwood, Canadian author Call it fear, call it perfectionism, call it Al. Whatever you call it, one thing is certain: an imperfect report or proposal will be much more effective than no report or proposal. Tough love Writers block a lot of howling nonsense would be avoided if, in every sentence containing the word WRITER, that word was taken out and the word PLUMBER substituted. Do plumbers get plumbers block? What would you think of a plumber who used that as an excuse not to do any work that day? The fact is that writing is hard work. Philip Pullman, British author The art of writing is the art of applying the seat of the pants to the seat of the chair. Mary Heaton Vorse, American journalist, novelist and activist Telling yourself you cant do it wont get it done. Telling yourself its a job, and one youve done before, might help to. And youre definitely not going to finish while youre gardening/taking up DIY/repainting the shed/learning to salsa etc. Get going You would think that after so many years I might have mastered the art not of writing but of putting myself in a position to write. Stephen Fry, British author, actor and comedian The scariest moment is always just before you start [writing]. After that, things can only get better. Stephen King, American author The secret of getting ahead is getting started. The secret of getting started is breaking your complex overwhelming tasks into small manageable tasks, and then starting on the first one. Mark Twain, American author Have a routine and stick to it. And dont panic if you dont have one yet. Just set yourself a time to start. Work for a short period, and then take a five-minute break. Repeat as required. And if the ghost of the unwritten document is haunting you, break it down with planning exercises such as a mind map and a reader profile questionnaire. Keep going I have to get into a sort of zone. It has something to do with an inability to concentrate, which is the absolute bottom line of writing. Stephen Fry You could be distracted by fear or by the latest email to land in your inbox, but either way its possible to train yourself to concentrate. If this involves turning off your phone, listening to music or sticking in earplugs, so be it. Learn what works for you, and practise. By gradually increasing the length of each short burst of work, interspersed with breaks, you will soon get into the zone. Last resort And if none of these quotes have struck a chord with you, consider this one: Writers block is a fancy term made up by whiners so they can have an excuse to drink alcohol. Steve Martin, American actor Cheers. And for more block-busting tips, see the article Tips for breaking through the barrier.

Books of the bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Books of the bible - Essay Example Another historical account that emphasizes what happens when people refuse to live under the leadership of God. Elisha's ministry is covered as well as the fall of the northern kingdom. I Chronicles This book lists the chronology of Israel, including the history of the nation and the tribes. Also covered in this book is the reign of David. II Chronicles This book looks into the reign of Solomon, focusing on the unification of Israel. The history of the northern tribe and its revolt is covered as well as Judah's exile to Babylon. Ezra Ezra follows Chronicles with the history of Israel, focusing on their return to the land after being captive. Nehemiah This historical account follows Nehemiah's return to Jerusalem to rebuild the city walls. In addition, Nehemiah also establishes policies and Ezra renews the covenant. Esther Esther is the account of how God's people survived in Persia, focusing on how Esther became queen of Xerxes. Job The purpose of this book is to illustrate the meaning of faith through suffering. This is emphasized through Job's trials and tribulations. Psalms This is a book of poetry, written by David and others that praise God. The Psalms can also be seen as a historical accounts in that they parallel historical events. Proverbs This books is a collection of wise sayings. It is often referred to as a textbook for living a Godly life. Its main theme is wisdom and fear of the Lord. Ecclesiastes Written by Solomon, this book is a collection of situations that is intended to spare readers from the painful experiences of life. Song of Solomon This book is focused on love that exists between a husband and wife. Solomon is the author and his verses emphasize the sanctity of marriage. Isaiah This book is written by... This book explains how Israel prepared to enter their promised land and it is covers the years at Sinai and Moab. Numbers also describes events that are guided by God, who is perceived as a deliverer. This book is an historical account of Daniels' exile in Babylon. He served under the government of Nebuchadnezzar and his descendents. The purpose of this book is to illustrate God's control in our lives.

Concert Report of Gentleman's Rule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Concert Report of Gentleman's Rule - Essay Example Because the program was organized in the evening, lighting was an important and integral part. There was sufficient lighting to make everything visible. The lighting system was also used as a decorative system as there were combination of different forms and types of lights in different switches and rhythms so synchronize with the music that was being done. Again, because there was a conscious effort to ensuring that fans and all other stakeholders within the premises of the theatre did not have problem with visuals, there was create visibility with the lighting system that was provided. It was the stage itself that did not have much light due to technical reasons such as concentrating the light only on people of whom the technical themes wanted attention to go to at a point in time. On the issue of ease of movement by patrons of the concert, particularly the fans, it would be said that even though the Royal George Theatre is a very sizeable place, for some reasons, it could not guar antee patrons of the program much movement. The problem was not due to that natural size of the auditorium but due to the fact that the songs that were done where danceable tunes, of which most fans wanted more and more space to shake themselves off with the music. Accessibility for people with disability would however be approached with a different tone noting that so much room was made for these people to have accessibility. There was actually a whole floor on the storey row that was preserved for people with disability. This was a step in the right direction as this floor was well fitted with accessible gadgets for the people with disability. Sound levels were perfect from a technical view point as organizers and the sound theme ensured that there was perfect harmony in the production and release of sound. There was virtually no instrument in the room, whose sound level was swallowed by the other and this contributed to the harmony in sound production and sound levels (Graves et al, 2002). But as expected, the voices of the fans swallowed the sound from the stage on some occasions, especially in cases where well known tunes were being played. In sum, it would be said that the venue of the concert was very comfortable in terms of sound and lighting but not so much comfortable for people who really were bent on using their dancing shows to the fullest. This is because the concert was organized to take a more diplomatic form whereby the fans would be passive rather than active participants. Performers The main performers for the show were the Gentleman’s Rule. These are a group of young and talented ten (10) male singers and composers (Gardner, 2006). The area of specialization of these singers is mainly acapella. On stage that night, the clothing of all 10 was something that deserves commendation. This is because the clothing was designed to give unique identities to these performers. For example they were dressed according to their vocal roles in the group with the led singer having what has come to be known as the Michael Jackson hand band. Light skinned clothes that would not make them produce so much sweat. The shirts were short sleeved to allow for aeration and the trousers were certainly made of cotton to absorb liquid well. The actions performed by the singers on stage often changed with the mode of the song being delivered. But the organization of the songs was done so well that

Buddha meditation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buddha meditation - Essay Example Moreover, meditation makes a person achieve right mindfulness. This ensures the person achieves positive results since it is through meditation that one understands self and becomes what he had thought or wanted to be earlier in life. Thus, Buddha teaches people that the only way to achieve success and dreams is through meditation. Just like Buddha, Spinoza supports meditation by claiming that when individual meditates; he understands self and life thereby ensuring he does not encounter any problem in life (Smith 110). This therefore, means that when a person meditates, he tries to lead a perfect life with little or no problems. Moreover, an individual who practices meditation understands self, and this makes him behave in a trusted manner and in mindful of others. Consequently, Buddha attributes sin to a person’s own ignorance. Our own ignorance of the true nature leads us to commit sin. He teaches that it is only through meditation that a person can understand self and realize his or her true nature thereby avoiding committing sin. He considers ignorance worse that sin because ignorance causes sin (Smith 110). Meditation ensures that one becomes aware of each action taken thereby contributing to consciousness. Therefore, it is good for a person to meditate in order to lead a sinful life thereby ensuring no suffering after death in hell. Since nobody wishes to suffer or experience the agony after death, it is good for human beings to meditate. Moreover, since meditation ensures that one leads a moral life through understanding of the true nature, it also contributes to peaceful coexistence on earth. This occurs when a person does not do evil to a fellow human being since he or, she leads a moral life. Thus, it is clear that meditation makes life more meaningful since it contributes to the development and maintenance of kindness, peace, love, understanding, and unity among people of similar and various ethnic backgrounds. In addition,

The Sound And The Fury By Faulkner | Analysis

The Sound And The Fury By Faulkner | Analysis William Faulkners modernist novel The Sound and the Fury is a challenge for the reader and actually it is one of the books you have to read twice in order to fully understand because it has no chronology and the use of the stream of consciousness makes it more difficult to read. The stream of consciousness refers to the recording of the flow of a characters thoughts in a fragmentary, nonlinear manner. Images and impressions suggest others through an associative process that ignores distinctions between past, present and future. (Anderson 12) Broadly, The Sound and the Fury is the story of the decline and fall of the Compson family. The novel is structured in four sections, Benjys section, Quentins section, Jasons section and an objective account which is considered by some critics to be Dilseys section. Benjy, Quentin and Jason are the Compson brothers and Dilsey is their black servant. In the first three sections the stream of consciousness is employed and the story is told in flashbacks. The fourth section has an omniscient narrator who is thought to be the author himself. Each section has a different date, the first, the third and the last sections are set around Easter in April 1928 in Jefferson and the second section in June 1910 in Harvard. After a close reading of the novel, the authors concern for the use of time and the passing of time becomes obvious. The purpose of this essay is to analyze how the time motif is employed and emphasized in William Faulkners The Sound and the Fury and how are the characters affected by time. Firstly, I will show the different ways in which the author uses time in the four sections. Secondly, I will analyze how the four main characters, namely Benjy, Quentin, Jason and Dilsey perceive time, how important time and especially the past is for them and what is their attitude towards the past. Faulkner mixes past and present in his novel and often shifts the time sequence back and forth without regard for chronological order. (Roberts 11) Faulkner uses numerous time levels in Benjys section and in fact, the reader is confused by the time shifts between present and past. However, the author in most of the cases uses italics to signal the time shifts and gives clues that point to a particular episode in the story. For instance, Luster takes care of Benjy in April 1928. Although Benjys section is dated April seventh 1928, little of the events and facts that make up the story really happen that day events of the past are constantly juxtaposed with various events in the present or some other time in the past. (Roberts 36) Faulkner has a particular style of writing and he uses linear time only in the last section. In the other three sections, the sense of time is broken and there is an emphasis on the past. This points to the fact that the author is often concerned about how muc h of the past intrudes upon the present. (Roberts 36) In Quentin and Jasons sections the reader is still confronted with the recurring time motif. If in Benjys part, clock time is almost totally disregarded (Roberts 36) in Quentins narrative clocks are very important. Quentin is obsessed with clocks and the past that haunts him. In Jasons section the flashbacks are used too, but unlike the first two sections, it combines thoughts and memories, with many indicators of objective time and space reality. (P. Anderson 199) The last section is written as a third person narrative and it is focused mainly on Dilsey, the Compsons family servant. It sheds light on the events narrated in the previous sections. In order to indicate that the past and the present are both equally important for Dilsey, the author chooses to end the novel with a linear narrative making no use of the stream of consciousness technique or flashbacks. In The Sound and the Fury, each character has a different approach to time. Benjy is a 33 years old man, but with the mental age of a 3 years old child. He is incapable to speak and to distinguish between the past, the present, and the future. His section, which opens the book, is the most intriguing because he is completely oblivious of time (Roberts 36) and he perceives things only through his senses. According to Roberts, for Benjy all time blends into one sensuous experience. He makes no distinction between an event that happened only hours ago and one that occurred years ago. (36) For instance, he waits for Caddy, his sister, to return from school in 1928 even if she left home in 1910. Benjy perceives the past only by making associations Whenever something reminds Benjy of the past, his narration jumps to that past moment. With little understanding of time, Benjy narrates his memories of the past as if they are happening in the present. (Anderson 35) For the mentally disables Be njy the concept of time does not exist. He lives in a world of his own. Quentin, whose narrative is the only one not anchored in April 1928, but in June 1910 expends all his energy trying to understand time. (Roberts 36) His section begins with the memory of his fathers comments about time When the shadow of the sash appeared on the curtains it was between seven and eight oclock and then I was in time again, hearing the watch. It was Grandfathers and when Father gave it to me he said I give you the mausoleum of all hope and desire; its rather excruciatingly apt that you will use it to gain the reducto absurdum of all human experience which can fit your individual needs no better than it fitted his or his fathers. I give it to you not that you may remember time, but that you might forget it now and then for a moment and not spend all your breath trying to conquer it. Because no battle is ever won he said. (Faulkner 89) Throughout his entire narrative he feels haunted by the past and he tries to escape from time. (Roberts 25) In a desperate try to free himself from time he breaks his watch, but it ironically continues to tick proving him that whatever he does the passing of time is unstoppable I went to the dresser and took up the watch, with the face still down. I tapped the crystal on the corner of the dresser and caught the fragments of glass in my hand and put them into the ashtray and twisted the hands off and put them in the tray. The watch ticked on. I turned the face up, the blank dial with little wheels clicking and click ing behind it, not knowing any better. (Faulkner 91) At the end of his section, Quentin committs suicide in the final attempt to escape the clicking of the clock and symbolically time. His last gesture is not made with regret, but rather with joy and a sense of freedom a quarter hour yet. And then Ill not be. The peacefullest words. The peacefullest words. (Faulkner 142) Jasons section precedes Benjys section and it is set in 6 April 1928. According to Roberts he completely denies the past; he functions only in the present. (27) Unlike Quentin, he thinks that the present is more important. However, there are moments when the past signifies something to him. For example, the moments when he remembers that he lost a position in a bank because of his sister Caddy. He is in contrast with Quentin because he does not care about his familys reputation and history therefore the past. Time is important to him, but he is the man of the present at last I found a pad on a Saint Louis bank. And of course shed pick this one time to look at it close. Well, it would have to do. I couldnt waste any more time now. (Faulkner 201) The last section is dated 8 April 1928 and it is narrated in the third person. Dilsey is the main character of this section and the only one who brings the past and the present into a proper balance. (Roberts 24) She is the only one that acknowledges the boundaries between past and present a cabinet clock ticked, then with a preliminary sound as if it had cleared its throat, struck five times. Eight oclock, Dilsey said. She ceased and tilted her head upward, listening. (Faulkner 264) She is both aware of the past and the present. She witnessed both the prosperous past of the Compson family and its fall in the present I seed the beginning, en now I sees de endin. (Faulkner 284) Dilsey is not afraid of the passing of time and she does not regard the past as a menace for her present or even for her future. In conclusion, the aim of this essay has been to analyze how William Faulkner employed the time motif and what impact has time upon the characters in his novel The Sound and the Fury. The analysis of the four sections revealed that in the first three time is not linear and there are always time shifts between the past and the present. Thus, chronology of events is totally disregarded in the first three sections and the stream of consciousness technique and flashbacks are used. On the other hand, in the last section time is linear with focus mainly on the present of the story that is April 1928. The characters Benjy, Quentin, Jason, and Dilsey are all affected by time and especially by the past but some more and others less. Benjy is unaware of the concepts of time and past and he lives in a continuous present. For Quentin the past is very important and he puts the present on a second plan. In contrast with him is his other brother, Jason, who sees the present important and gives no i mportance to the past. Unlike Quentin and Jason, Dilsey is focused both on the past and on the present.

Web of Deceit in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- GCSE English Literatur

Web of Deceit in Othello Shakespeare’s Othello portrays a process through which pure evil has an effect on love and morality. The character of Iago twists Othello into killing his wife, and eventually himself, through manipulating Othello’s trust and loyalty. Iago uses the handkerchief as a symbol through which Othello is convinced of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. This handkerchief plays many roles throughout Othello. Because of the importance placed upon this object, the driving force of the play becomes centered on the particular qualities of this handkerchief. In its most important aspect, the handkerchief becomes associated with a kind of web set by Iago, in order to ensnare both Othello and Desdemona. At the beginning of Act II, Iago begins to formulate his plans to bring down Othello. As Cassio takes Desdemona’s hand and welcomes her, Iago says: He takes her by the palm. Ay, well said, whisper! With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile upon her, do! I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.-You say true; ‘tis so, indeed! - If such tricks as these strip you out of you lieutenantry, it had been better you had not kissed your three fingers so oft...(II,i L.166-72) In this passage, Iago plans to use Cassio in his plan to destroy Othello. Rather than merely stating his desire to do this, Iago uses imagery based around a spider’s web. By doing so, ideas of creation, self utilization, and entrapment are brought into the plot concerning Othello. Iago likens himself to a spider, who spins a web from his own mind which will trap people, and cause them to serve his own needs. This passage shows the extent to which Iago foresees his own designs. Iago does not take an active role ... ...y, and painful reality. He can no longer trust what he believes, and must follow what he believes "Nature" has told him to do. Because Othello has strong feelings these are the only thing he is certain of feeling, and therefore follows them. This is not a man who remembers what the past has taught him. Othello now looks at the handkerchief as threads woven for the sole purpose of maligning his trust, and his life. He has lost sight of Iago’s manipulating words, in favor of action through anger and retribution. Iago has created a web of lies around Othello to accomplish two things. Othello becomes uprooted from any comfort and security gained from the past by Iago’s lies. After this has been accomplished, this web of lies gives Othello the support he desperately needs. This new dedication, however, orchestrates Othello’s downfall, and Iago’s momentary triumph. Web of Deceit in Shakespeare's Othello Essay -- GCSE English Literatur Web of Deceit in Othello Shakespeare’s Othello portrays a process through which pure evil has an effect on love and morality. The character of Iago twists Othello into killing his wife, and eventually himself, through manipulating Othello’s trust and loyalty. Iago uses the handkerchief as a symbol through which Othello is convinced of Desdemona’s unfaithfulness. This handkerchief plays many roles throughout Othello. Because of the importance placed upon this object, the driving force of the play becomes centered on the particular qualities of this handkerchief. In its most important aspect, the handkerchief becomes associated with a kind of web set by Iago, in order to ensnare both Othello and Desdemona. At the beginning of Act II, Iago begins to formulate his plans to bring down Othello. As Cassio takes Desdemona’s hand and welcomes her, Iago says: He takes her by the palm. Ay, well said, whisper! With as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile upon her, do! I will gyve thee in thine own courtship.-You say true; ‘tis so, indeed! - If such tricks as these strip you out of you lieutenantry, it had been better you had not kissed your three fingers so oft...(II,i L.166-72) In this passage, Iago plans to use Cassio in his plan to destroy Othello. Rather than merely stating his desire to do this, Iago uses imagery based around a spider’s web. By doing so, ideas of creation, self utilization, and entrapment are brought into the plot concerning Othello. Iago likens himself to a spider, who spins a web from his own mind which will trap people, and cause them to serve his own needs. This passage shows the extent to which Iago foresees his own designs. Iago does not take an active role ... ...y, and painful reality. He can no longer trust what he believes, and must follow what he believes "Nature" has told him to do. Because Othello has strong feelings these are the only thing he is certain of feeling, and therefore follows them. This is not a man who remembers what the past has taught him. Othello now looks at the handkerchief as threads woven for the sole purpose of maligning his trust, and his life. He has lost sight of Iago’s manipulating words, in favor of action through anger and retribution. Iago has created a web of lies around Othello to accomplish two things. Othello becomes uprooted from any comfort and security gained from the past by Iago’s lies. After this has been accomplished, this web of lies gives Othello the support he desperately needs. This new dedication, however, orchestrates Othello’s downfall, and Iago’s momentary triumph.

Maida on the Work of O’Connor – Light and Enlightenment

Maida on the Work of O’Connor Jordan Hollowell English 103 Professor Kuzmenkov October 6, 2012 (2) The main idea of Maida’s article is to tie together and explain the common literary devices apparent in Flannery O’Connor’s short stories.There are four reoccurring devices in O’Connor’s work: first, the eyes, which reflect an individuals innermost thoughts and emotions; then the tree-line which symbolizes the division of understanding between the world understood by an individual and the world beyond their comprehension; then the color purple which represents emotional or physical trauma which is often evoked alongside the Sun, which represents divine intervention.In describing these devices Maida also describes the arc of O’Connor’s characters as one in which they begin their journey with a sinful or selfish understanding of life and ultimately are bestowed with an enlightened understanding of life after embracing the love of God , Christian values, or both. (3) Maida’s writing is a brilliant exploration of the subject matter.From the citations given throughout the article it seems apparent that the core idea would not be lost on any reader, but after having been provided with a thorough examination of the O’Connor ‘s symbology her writing can now be appreciated to it’s full extent. For instance, a symbol like the Sun might be mistaken for a moment of clarity to someone unfamiliar with O’Connor’s other works. (4a) Maida (1976) asserts that the Sun is unmistakable as God’s active force, due to its ability to violate the laws of physics concerning its shape and movement (p. -3). However, since it is used as a metaphor its movement or changes could be interpreted as imagined movements that reside only in the mind of the character to whom they apply. The Sun as metaphor would then represent the comprehension of a life lesson as it eludes or is absorbed by the chara cter. This understanding would recast the role of God from one which is shown to be an active participant spurring characters’ ultimate realizations, to one in which the character must grasp the truth of God and life more independently.While the story would still make sense, the nuances of God’s love and patience would be lost. (5) My claim that Maida’s examination of O’Connor’s symbolism enable’s readers to understand the authors writing to it’s full extent stems from my personal reluctance to embrace the idea that God is active in peoples lives. I know that I would miss the message which (4b) Maida continues to stress, â€Å"Although man is thwarted by his lack of vision, the light remains a hovering presence-ready to pursue if necessary, the recalcitrant† (p. ) Were I to read O’Connor’s works I feel that I would choose to believe that the characters have their notions shattered and come to enlightenment through introspection, that they come to their own conclusions about God independently of Him. I would choose to view the Sun not as something that pursues, but rather something which as always been with the character, but never accepted or explored until the time wherein the individual was ready for it. References (1a) Maida, P. D. (1976). Light and Enlightenment in Flannery O'Connor's Fiction.In Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Retrieved from http://www. fofweb. com. proxy1. athensams. net/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54;SID=5;iPin= BLTSAR011;SingleRecord=True (1b) Maida, Patricia D. â€Å"Light and Enlightenment in Flannery O'Connor's Fiction. † Sin and Redemption, Bloom's Literary Themes. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2010. Bloom's Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. October 6, 2012. ;http://www. fofweb. com. proxy1. athensams. net/activelink2. asp? ItemID=WE54;SID=5;iPin= BLTSAR011;SingleRecord=True;.

Personal Selling

Personal Selling, relationship building and sales management Personal selling, unlike advertising or sale promotion, involves direct relationships between the seller and the prospect or customer. In a forma sense, personal selling can be defined as a two-way flow of communication between a potential buyer and a salesperson that is designed to accomplish at least three tasks: (1) identify the potential buyer’s needs; (2) match those needs to one or more of the firm’s products or services; (3) on the basis of this match, convince the buyer to purchase the product.Finally, it is a complex communication process, one still not fully understood by marketers. Importance of personal selling The importance of the personal selling function depends partially on the nature of the product. As a general rule, goods that are new and different, technically complex or expensive require more personal selling effort. The salesperson plays a key role in providing the consumer with informat ion about such products to reduce the risks involved in purchase and use.Insurance, for example, is a complex and technical product that often needs significant amounts of personal selling. It is important to remember that for many companies the salesperson represents the customer’s main link to the firm. In fact, the salesperson is the company. Therefore it is imperative that the company take advantage of this unique link. Through the efforts of the successful salesperson, a company can build relationships with customers that continue long. Personal selling is an integral of the marketing system, fulfilling two vital duties: one for customers and one for companies.Lacking relevant information, customers are likely to make poor buying decisions. For example: Doctors would have difficulty finding out about new drugs and procedures were it not for pharmaceutical salespeople. Second, salespeople act as a source of marketing intelligence for management. Marketing success depends on satisfying customers needs. If present products don’t fulfill customer needs then profitable opportunities may exist for new or improved products. If problems with a company’s products exist, then management must be quickly apprised of the fact.In either situation, salespeople are in the best position to act as the intermediary through which valuable information can be passed back and forth between product providers and buyers. The sales process Personal selling is as much an art as it is a science. The word art is used to describe that portion of the selling process that is highly creative in nature and difficult to explain. Before management selects and trains salespeople, it should have an understanding of the sales process. Obviously, the sales process will differ according to the size of the company, the nature of the product, the market and so forth.Sales objectives: 1. Information provision: Especially in case of new products or customers, the salesperson nee ds to fully explain all attributes of the product or service, answer any questions and probe for additional questions. 2. Persuasion. Once the initial product or service information is provided, the salesperson needs to focus on the following objectives: – Clearly distinguish attributes of the firm’s products or services from those of competitors. – Maximize the number of sales as a percent of presentations. Convert undecided customers into first-time buyers. – Convert first-time customers into repeat purchasers. – Sell additional or complementary items to repeat customers. – Tend to the needs of dissatisfied customers. 3. After-sake service. Whether the sale represents a first-time or repeat purchase, the salesperson needs to ensure the following objectives are met: – Delivery or installation of the product or service that meets or exceeds customer expectations. – Immediate follow-up calls and visits to address unresolved or n ew concerns. Reassurance of products or service super priority through demonstrable actions. The Sales Relationship-Building process For many years the traditional approach to selling emphasized the first-time sale of a product or service as the culmination of the sales process. Marketing concept and accompanying approach to personal selling view the initial sale as merely the first step in a long-term relationship-building process, not as the end goal. The relationship-building process which is designed to meet the objectives contains six sequential stages.These stages are (1) prospecting, (2) planning the sales call, (3) presentation, (4) responding to objections, (5) obtaining commitment/closing the sale and (6) building a long-term relationship. When a buyer and a salesperson have a close personal relationship, they both begin to rely on each other and communicate honestly. When each has a problem, they work together to solve it. Such market relationships are known as functional relationships. A person may have such a relationship with along-term medical or dental practitioner or hair-cutter.When organizations move beyond functional relationships, they develop strategic partnerships or strategic alliances. These are long-term, formal relationships in which both parties make significant commitments and investments in each other in order to pursue mutual goals and to improve the profitability of each other. Marketing managers and sales managers must make some very important decisions regarding how the sales fore should be organized. Most companies organize their sales efforts either by geography, product or customer.There are two obvious reasons why it is critical that the sales force be properly controlled. First, personal selling can be the largest marketing expense component in the final price of the product. Second, unless the sales force is somehow directed, motivated and audited on continual basis, it is likely to be less efficient than it is capable o f being. Controlling the sales force involves four key functions: (1) forecasting sales; (2) establishing sales territories and quotas, (3) analyzing expenses and (4) motivating and compensating performance.Conclusion We attempted to outline and explain the personal selling aspect of the promotion mix. An emphasis was placed on describing the importance of the relationship-building aspect of the personal selling process. For organizations that wish to continue to grow and prosper, personal selling plays an integral part in the marketing of products and services. As long as production continues to expand through the development of new and highly technical products, personal selling will continue to be an important part of marketing strategy.